Social Issues Of The 1960S Essays - Counterculture Of The 1960s

The protest movement in Egypt

The Egyptian upheaval succeeded the Tunisian upset that saw Tunisian president Ben Ali end his quarter century system and escape into oust (Chossudovsky, 2010).Advertising We will compose a custom article test on The dissent development in Egypt explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More In Egypt, the insurgency began on 25th January 2011 with accentuation on tranquil dissent in airing out their perspectives on issues that have not been tended to in the district for a more extended time with the members containing common society and different residents who sorted out a progression of exhibits, common noncompliance, walks just as work strikes requesting to topple the system of Hosni Mubarak (Bengali, 2011). The dissent occurred in Alexandria, Cairo and other significant urban areas of Egypt that came about into renunciation of the President Mubarak with their complaints concentrating principally on social, monetary and policy centered issues, for example, police ruthlessne ss, free and reasonable races, the right to speak freely of discourse, highly sensitive situation laws, and debasement in open part among others with worker's guilds squeezing government authorities to join the demonstrators (Chossudovsky, 2010). The Egyptian upheaval was brought about by a few elements, to begin with, police power in Egypt were severe to the residents with steady flogging paying little heed to the offense submitted by an individual(Khalil,2011). This conduct of the law upholding organizations caused alarm among the residents who couldn't report cases influencing them to the police inspired by a paranoid fear of exploitation and degenerate dealings before the case is dealt with (Bengali, 2011). The human right organizations recorded bigger number of individuals to have been tormented to death by the police somewhere in the range of 1993 and 2007 as numerous observers guaranteed numerous residents have been murdered by the police (Chossudovsky, 2010). Besides, the .d emonstrators accused the legislature of much debasement inside the open division because of delayed administration intensity of Mubarak as a few incredible business people were close partners near the president’s party National Development Party delighted in restraining infrastructure of the considerable number of organizations in the nation (Roi, 2010). This made an image â€Å"where riches fills political influence and political influence purchases wealth†. Besides, during the parliamentary appointment of 2010, the restriction bunches whined of genuine provocations of people with data as to defilement cases in the nation making residents modest away and not ready to offer data to the law upholding organizations (Bengali, 2011).Advertising Looking for article on government? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Similarly, the Emergency law in Egypt that was established in 1967 and suspended in 1980 by President Sadat for multi month in 1981 kept on influencing the lives of residents as the law broadened the intensity of police and gave the administration capacity to detain individual uncertainly with no explanation (Roi, 2010). The law additionally exposes any non-administrative association from taking part in political movement, for example, taking part in road exhibition and giving monetary help to the penniless with government under President Mubarak refering to fear based oppression as the significant reason for broadening the crisis laws asserting that gatherings, for example, Muslim Brotherhood are probably going to instigate residents and have the option to rise to control (Balluch, 2011). This prompted capture of a few individuals from the gathering between 5000and 10000 to serve long haul detainment and media crackdown in December 2010 thus the dissent. What's more, Egyptian upheaval was brought about by power competition between the different gatherings in Egypt who were against the fo rce legacy. From the year 2000, Hosni has been prepping his child Gamal Mubarak to be his replacement when he resigns making Gamal to appreciate media inclusion as the following leader of Egypt and even spoke to his dad in national capacities since the nation needed VP (Roi, 2010). This move was significantly restricted by different gathering bunches a large portion of which are non official gatherings, they crusade against refined administration in the nation that doesn't offer opportunity to other meriting residents to lead (Balluch, 2011). Be that as it may, both Mubarak and his child denied the case as ridiculous and customized to ruin their names. Besides, the monetary circumstance in Egypt elevated a transition to the insurgency .Egypt had a shut concentrated economy under President Gamel Abdel Nasser that was opened up by Sadat and advanced by Mubarak who later delayed further financial changes prompting a fall in financial development in 2009 (Khalil, 2011). In any case, in spite of high monetary development in the previous years ,residents kept living underneath normal existence with fundamental necessities hard to obtain with lion's share populace being poor with joblessness pace of 10 creation college and school graduates sort for different methods for winning a living (Balluch, 2011).Advertising We will compose a custom article test on The dissent development in Egypt explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn taking everything into account, the Egyptian upheaval that was started and composed by the dominant part young people finished with the acquiescence of the long serving President of the republic. The universal network drove by USA engaged the President Mubarak to acknowledge the voices of the individuals in order to upgrade harmony to the country after his acquiescence, a few activities to improve the expectations for everyday comforts of the individuals have been set up under the administration of previous Prime Minister Ahmed Nazif ( Khalil, 2011). References Balluch, M. 2011. The Protest development in Egypt, Global Research Web. Accessible at:â http://www.peacealliancewinnipeg.ca/[Accesed] 21st September 2011 Bengali.H. (2011).Day of departure’ closes with Mubarak still in power. Alexandria: Alexandria Publisher Chossudovsky, M. (2010).The dissent development in Egypt: â€Å"Dictators† don't direct, they obey orders. Cairo. Cairo Printing press Khalil, M. (2011). Imperceptible Victims of the Protest Movement in Egypt. Cairo: Al Ahram Al Arabi Printing Press Roi, Y. (2010).From infringement to inclusion: a narrative investigation of Egyptian harmony development. Alexandria: Al Ahram Al Riyadi PublishersAdvertising Searching for exposition on government? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Explained Bibliography Three creators working autonomously, investigated on the dissent in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya to test the speculation that despots obey requests of their subjects. They met a few residents of Tunisia, Egyptian and Libya on balanced premise to discover his case by questioning examining the exercises of the security powers, arrangement of business and the law making forms on how their administration ensure and tune in to the perspectives on the residents. Chossudovsky discovered that the speculation emphatically bolstered the past Egyptian system of President Sadat and not the Mubarak system. Because of the enormous number of years in administration the President made himself an outright legislator and didn't tune in to anyone’s conclusion. Khalili refered to beneath found that the vast majority of the domineering laws are made by the residents themselves and rulers just guarantee their usage. To accomplish this, increasingly exacting guidelines laws are sa nctioned to give space for tyranny as they case to actualize what is as indicated by their own residents. Interestingly, Bengali saw no connection between the controlled and the rulers and guaranteed the rulers typically make and execute their own laws without the assent of the managed who are compelled to hold fast to the requirements of the rulers. The creators at that point closed in opposition to their theory which had been endorsed before by Roy in his examination. This exposition on The dissent development in Egypt was composed and presented by client Kael Macias to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

In Translation June Fiction

In Translation June Fiction Its that time again, guys- time for some fabulous fiction from around the world, courteously translated into English for our reading pleasure. This month, Ive highlighted some rather short but fascinating books from Argentina, Iran, and Mexico. Enjoy! The Conversations  by César Aira, transl. by Katherine Silver (New Directions, 96 pages, June 26) So theres this goatherd wearing a gold Rolex watch in a cafe, a guy who is super disturbed by it, some killer algae, and all kinds of other bizarre happenings (yes, you read that right). And all of this in just 96 pages! Aira, a popular writer of short fiction and essays in Latin America, asks us to wrap our brains around this unlikely scenario. And if killer algae in fiction is your thing, this book was definitely written for you. Thirst: A Novel of the Iran-Iraq War by Mahmoud Dowlatabadi, transl. by Martin E. Weir (Melville House, 128 pages, June 24) Thirst,  Dowlatabadis third novel, is about fact vs. fiction and how we tell stories. During the Iran-Iraq War, an Iraqi journalist is asked to write a fabricated story in order to demoralize Iranian soldiers. Unwilling to write such a thing, the journalist instead tells an Iraqi major a piece of fiction that hes writing instead, about a stalemate between two groups of soldiers over a water tank. Despite being recognized as Irans most important contemporary writer, Dowlatabadi is prevented from publishing in his native Iran. Thanks to Melville House and Martin Weir, though, we can read this new novel from a prize-winning writer. Natural Histories: Stories by Guadalupe Nettel, transl. by J. T. Lichtenstein (Seven Stories Press, 128 pages, June 10) Winner of the 3rd Ribera del Duero International Award for Short Narratives, Natural Histories offers us stories of Siamese fighting fish, cats, a strange fungus, and more, all of which stand in for the dark, unacknowledged aspects of human nature. Through these animals we learn more about ourselves: how we live together and love one another. Natural Histories is Nettels English-language debut and already on my TBR list. Clearly. Which newly-translated books are you excited about? Sign up to Unusual Suspects to receive news and recommendations for mystery/thriller readers. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Elizabeth Key and Her History-Changing Lawsuit

Elizabeth Key (1630 - after 1665) is a key figure in the history of American chattel slavery. She won her freedom in a lawsuit in 17th century colonial Virginia, and her lawsuit may have helped inspire laws making slavery a hereditary condition. Heritage Elizabeth Key was born in 1630, in Warwick County, Virginia. Her mother was a slave from Africa who is unnamed in the record. Her father was an English planter living in Virginia, Thomas Key, who arrived in Virginia before 1616. He served in the Virginia House of Burgesses, the colonial legislature. Accepting Paternity In 1636, a civil case was brought against Thomas Key, alleging that he had fathered Elizabeth. Such suits were common to get a father to accept responsibility to support a child born out of marriage, or to ensure that the father would help to get the child an apprenticeship. Key first denied paternity of the child, claiming that a â€Å"Turk† had fathered the child. (A â€Å"Turk† would have been a non-Christian, which could affect the slave status of the child.) He then accepted paternity and had her baptized as a Christian. Transfer to Higginson At about the same time, he was planning to go to England—perhaps the suit was filed to ensure that he accepted paternity before he left—and he placed the 6-year-old Elizabeth with Humphrey Higginson, who was her godfather. Key specified a term of indenture of nine years, which would bring her to the age of 15, a common time for indenture terms or apprentice terms to expire. In the agreement, he specified that after 9 years, Higginson was to take Elizabeth with him, give her a â€Å"portion,† and then free her to make her own way in the world. Also included in the instructions was that Higginson treat her like a daughter; as later testimony put it, â€Å"user her more Respectfully than a Common servant or slave.† Key then sailed for England, where he died later that year. Colonel Mottram When Elizabeth was about ten years old, Higginson transferred her to a Colonel John Mottram, a justice of the peace—whether it was a transfer or sale is not clear—and he then moved to what is now Northumberland County, Virginia, becoming the first European settler there. He founded a plantation he called Coan Hall. About 1650, Col. Mottram arranged for 20 indentured servants to be brought from England. One of those was William Grinstead, a young lawyer who indentured himself to pay for his passage and work that off during the term of indenture. Grinstead did legal work for Mottram. He also met and fell in love with Elizabeth Key, still held as a bond servant to Mottram, though it was by that time 5 or more years beyond the term of the original agreement between Key and Higginson. Even though Virginia law at that time forbid indentured servants from marrying, having sexual relations or having children, a son, John, was born to Elizabeth Key and William Grinstead. Filing Suit for Freedom In 1655, Mottram died. Those settling the estate assumed that Elizabeth and her son John were slaves for life. Elizabeth and William filed suit in court to recognize both Elizabeth and her son as already free. At the time, the legal situation was ambiguous, with some tradition assuming all â€Å"Negros† were slaves no matter the status of their parents, and other tradition assuming English common law where bondage status followed that of the father. Some other cases held that black Christians could not be slaves for life. The law was especially ambiguous if only one parent was an English subject. The suit was based on two factors: first, that her father was a free Englishman, and under English common law whether one was free or in bondage followed the status of the father; and second, that she had been â€Å"long since Christened† and was a practicing Christian. A number of people testified. One resurrected that old claim that Elizabeth’s father was a â€Å"Turk,† which would have meant neither parent was an English subject. But other witnesses testified that from a very early time, it was common knowledge that Elizabeth’s father was Thomas Key. The key witness was an 80-year-old former servant of Key, Elizabeth Newman. The record also showed that she had been called Black Bess or Black Besse. The court found in her favor and granted her freedom, but an appeal court found that she was not free, because she was a â€Å"Negro.† General Assembly and Retrial Then Grinstead filed a petition for Key with the Virginia General Assembly. The Assembly formed a committee to investigate the facts, and found â€Å"That by the Comon Law the Child of a Woman slave begot by a freeman ought to be free† and also noted that she had been christened and was â€Å"able to give a very good account of her fayth.† The Assembly returned the case to a lower court. There, on July 21, 1656, the court found that Elizabeth Key and her son John were in fact free persons. The court also required that the Mottram estate give her â€Å"Corn Clothes and Satisfaction† for her having served many years beyond the end of her term of service. The court formally â€Å"transferred† to Grinstead â€Å"a maid servant†. That same day, a marriage ceremony was performed and recorded for Elizabeth and William. Life in Freedom Elizabeth had a second son by Grinstead, named William Grinstead II. (Neither son’s birth date is recorded.) Grinstead died in 1661, after only five years of marriage. Elizabeth then married another English settler named John Parse or Pearce. When he died, he left 500 acres to Elizabeth and her sons, which allowed them to live out their lives in peace. There are many descendants of Elizabeth and William Grinstead, including a number of famous people (the actor Johnny Depp is one). Later Laws Before the case, there was, as outlined above, some ambiguity in the legal status of the child of a woman who was in bondage and a free father. The assumption of the Mottram estate that Elizabeth and John were slaves for life was not without precedent. But the idea that all of African descent were permanently in bondage was not universal. Some wills and agreements by owners specified terms of service for African slaves, and also specified land or other goods to be granted at the end of the term of service to aid in their new life as fully free persons. For example, a woman, Jone Johnson, daughter of one Anthony Johnson identified as a Negro, was given 100 acres of land by the Indian ruler Debeada in 1657. Key’s suit won her freedom and established the precedence of the English common law about a child born to a free, English father. In response, Virginia and other states passed laws to override the common law’s assumptions. Slavery in America became more solidly a race-based and hereditary system. Virginia passed these laws: 1660: the term of indentured servitude was limited to five years—for servants from a Christian country1662: a child’s status as free or bond (slave) status was to follow the mother’s status, contrary to English common law1667: being a Christian did not alter status of bondage1670: prohibited Africans from importing any bonded laborers from anywhere (Africa or England included)1681: children of a European mother and African father were to be in bondage to age 30 In Maryland: 1661: a law was passed making all African Americans in the colony slaves, and all African Americans slaves at birth whatever the status of the parents1664: a new law outlawed marriages between European or English women and African (Negro/black) men Note: while the term â€Å"black† or â€Å"Negro† was sometimes used for Africans from the beginning of the presence of people of African descent in colonial America, the term â€Å"white† came into legal usage in Virginia about 1691, with a law referring to â€Å"English or other white women.† Before that, each nationality was described. In 1640, for instance, a court case described a â€Å"Dutchman,† a â€Å"Scotch man† and a â€Å"Negro,† all bond servants who escaped to Maryland. An earlier case, 1625, referred to a â€Å"Negro,† a â€Å"Frenchman,† and â€Å"a Portugall.† More about the early history of black or African women in what is now the United States, including how laws and treatment evolved: Timeline of African American History and Women Also known as: Elizabeth Key Grinstead; due to spelling variations common at the time, last name was variously Key, Keye, Kay and Kaye; married name was variously Grinstead, Greensted, Grimstead, and other spellings; final married name was Parse or Pearce Background, Family: Mother: not namedFather: Thomas Key (or Keye or Kay or Kaye) Marriage, Children: husband: William Grinstead (or Greensted or Grimstead or other spellings) (married July 21, 1656; indentured servant and lawyer)children:John GrinsteadWilliam Grinstead IIhusband: John Parce or Pearce (married about 1661)

The Youngest US President ever to Take Office - 784 Words

John F. Kennedy was voted into office during the election of 1960. To date, Kennedy is the youngest person to be elected President. Surprisingly, at the start of the campaign, Kennedy was a long shot to win the Democratic nomination. Without a distinguished presence in the political world and the stigma of being Roman Catholic, Kennedy had a lot of ground to conquer. In not just politics, but society, religion is and was a controversial issue. Kennedy, who was Catholic, struggled against critics who were anti-Catholicism. It was often insisted that Kennedy would turn to the pope for orders and therefore run our country based upon the Church. Kennedy overcame this obstacle by reassuring voters he would not act according to the Church†¦show more content†¦As a nation that is expected to be the leaders of other nations, he would not settle for second. In the case of exploring space, that was exactly where we were. The Soviet Union was far ahead of the United States in its space program. With Project Apollo, Kennedy was determined to play catch up and asked congress to invest more that twenty-two billion dollars into the project. The end goal was to have an American man on the moon before the end of the decade. Neil Armstrong was that man in 1969. Not only was the Soviet Union viewed as a threat with their space program being more advance, but they also had nuclear missile sites being built. An American spy plane secretly photographed evidence that both Cuba and the Soviet Union were building nuclear missile sites. President Kennedy remained collected and directed that a naval blockade was placed around Cuba which would prevent the Soviets from obtaining more military supplies. On the brink of what could have been a nuclear war, there was an agreement made, the Soviets agreed to dismantle their weapons sites in exchange for a pledge from the United States not to invade Cuba. Tension slowly began to lessen as time passed and the agreement remained respected. Another one of Kennedy’s problems he was confronted during Presidency was racial discrimination. In 1954 the U.S. Supreme Court had ruled that segregation in public schools would be no longerShow MoreRelatedEssay on John F. Kennedy Inaugural Speech Analysis666 Words   |  3 PagesJohn F. Kennedy once said, â€Å"I am not the Catholic candidate for President. I am the Democratic Partys candidate for President, who happens also to be a Catholic.† In this single sentence, he uses a method of Aristotle’s persuasive speech making. One of the greatest examples of using rhetorical strategies is indeed John F. Kennedy’s inaugural address of 1961. John F. Kennedy uses diction, syntax, and Aristotle’s method of persuasion in his inaugural address that not only made it uniquely his ownRead MoreEssay Jfk Informative Speech Outline869 Words   |  4 Pagesinformation on President John F. Kennedy. The speech will provide a history of President Kennedy’ s life, the memorable points of his presidency and why he is an inspiration. Specific Purpose: To share with them his early life, his political career, his load of presidency, his tragic death, and his inspiration. Thesis Statement: President Kennedy proved to be one of the most remembered Presidents of America and inspires everyone, especially me. Preview statement: President John F. KennedyRead MorePresident Roosevelt s President Of The United States Essay1267 Words   |  6 PagesWhen President McKinley was assassinated Vice President Theodore Roosevelt became President of the United States at the age of 43. He is the youngest president in our nation’s history. Though President Roosevelt was young with fresh ideas filled with high energy as you will see that even after he became president he continued to do some things he enjoyed in his life. Roosevelt while still in the presidency, he continued to box inside the White House. In one of those instances while sparing he sparedRead MoreA Brief Look at John F. Kennedy835 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å" A famous quote spoken by a U.S President whose term of office was cut short by a belligerent man. John F. Kennedy or JFK would grow to become one of the United States’s smartest and youngest Presidents in history. Unfortunately for JFK his life and term as President was cut short after being assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald. Although JFK did not serve a full term as President he affected our nation in many positive ways and was on the best presidents we ever had. John Fitzgerald Kennedy alsoRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy s Speech1243 Words   |  5 PagesBeing the youngest president elected and inheriting a war amounted to a lot of pressure alone for John F. Kennedy. Many have questioned if John F. Kennedy was the man to lead the country. In order to answer that question he gave a memorable inaugural address to make his critiques rethink their doubts. Kennedy’s speech is known as one of the most powerful speeches because of his of rhetorical strategies. Of course being the youngest president there’s a ton of pressure on Kennedy but with all theRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy: A Legacy Never Forgotten1377 Words   |  6 Pages Forgive your enemies, but never forget their names(Brainy Quotes). John F Kennedy said this during one of his speeches, and ironically no one will ever forget the name of the person who murdered him, Lee Harvey Oswald, an enemy of the American Public. When Kennedy ran for office, he had to seem like the more experienced candidate and appeal to all of the people. During his speeches, Kennedy engaged his audiences and they hung on his every word. However, the tragic event of his assassinationRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis : Background1620 Words   |  7 Pagesas North Atlantic Alliance. NATO was intergovernmental military alliance compacted based by the North Atlantic Treaty signed on 4, 1949. The NATO a system of defense and if a country that was being attack by another country or external party and who ever was part of the NATO would have to send soldiers to the April country and help them fight of the invade. The NATO was also used during the Korean War when North Korea in vaded South Korea on Saturday, 24 June 1950. NATO is going till this day and hasRead MoreThe Leadership Styles And Behavioral Analysis1532 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Let us not seek the Republican answer or the Democratic answer but the right answer. Let us not seek to fix the blame for the past—let us accept our own responsibility for the future† -John F. Kennedy, 35th US President. This paper describes about the Leadership styles and Behavioral analysis of former U.S. president John F. Kennedy. Elected in 1960 as the 35th president of the United States, John F. Kennedy was the youngest man to hold that office. He was born on May 29, 1917, in BrooklineRead MoreDon t Dwell On The Inner Darkness Of Yourself887 Words   |  4 Pagesof yourself† (TR, An American Lion) We mourned the death of President William McKinley in 1901 after being assassinated. It was my fate of becoming the youngest President to take the office. Many people questioned my bold personality some accused me of bigotry. Me? Teddy Roosevelt? I prefer to be known as â€Å"TR†, the President to be known in history (1901-1909) as â€Å"The American Lion.† Our new President brought passion and power to the office, courageously leading the American people and Congress towardRead MoreThe Secret Military Installation On The Planet1663 Words   |  7 Pagesindividuals who perceive their importance greater than that of others. Historically, conspiracies associated with the United States government cause citizens to question their elected leaders. Broken trust requires many months and years to rebuild, if ever it can be. â€Å"Less than one hundred miles from Las Vegas, Nevada is the most famous secret military installation on the planet† (â€Å"Area†). â€Å"The actual area cannot be found on most maps, at least not those accessible to the public† (â€Å"Brannan†). â€Å"There

Critical Study of Alcohol and Hepatocytes Cell Necrosis Free Essays

Introduction The tissue shows vast inflammation, there are large gaps in between the hepatocytes due to cell necrosis and the hepatocytes remaining are large and swollen. There are fatty deposits throughout the tissue and fibrous structures present which are most likely collagen. The hepatocytes themselves are not only swollen but have the presence of globular material within. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Study of Alcohol and Hepatocytes Cell Necrosis or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is identified as Mallory bodies, seen in cases of alcoholic hepatitis. These globules are aggregates of intermediate filaments in the cytoplasm which have resulted from hepatocyte injury. Neutrophils can be seen in the sample which is the likely cause of inflammation. These would have been called to the tissue due to the necrosis of the hepatocytes and the presence of cellular debris within the lobules [1]. An infiltration of macrophages can be seen which would also be due to the debris present. The first stage of alcoholic liver disease is the increase of fatty deposits in the liver. Heavy alcohol consumption causes the production of large fatty globules a process known as macrovesicular steatosis collecting in the liver cells. Ethanol consumed is metabolised by alcohol dehydrase in the mitochondria into toxic acetaldehyde which is metabolised by aldehyde dehydrogenase into acetic acid [1][2][3]. The production of acetaldehyde causes a higher NADH: NAD ratio which is the main mechanism in the development of this condition. This NADH production causes increase in lipogenesis and a decrease in fatty acid oxidation. The higher levels of fatty acids signal the hepatocytes to compound glycerol into triglycerides [3]. This is seen in the first stage of liver damage known as alcoholic hepatitis [2]. Excess alcohol intake can also cause hepatocyte injury via oxidative stress from increased NADH production in which free radicals damage the hepatocytes (increased production by the k upffer cells); and from lipid peroxidation where acetylhyde binds to proteins forming adducts [1]. This binding triggers humoral and cellular immune responses resulting in tissue injury. There is an increase in pro inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor and interleukin -6 and a decrease in anti inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin -4 [1]. These cytokines in particularly TNF are secreted by the kupffer cells (macrophages) located in the liver. They’re activated by the increased levels of endotoxin released from the breakdown of alcohol by intestinal bacteria; this binds to the CD14 receptor on their surface initiating response. The release of these cytokines leads to the hepatic stellate cells producing increased levels of collagen which leads to liver fibrosis and also causes destructive damage to the hepatocytes. This leads to the last stage of liver disease known as cirrhosis which can occur in prolonged alcoholic hepatitis, seen in 40% of cases [1][4] . Individuals suffering with alcoholic hepatitis have an increase in serum bilirubin due to the inability of the damaged liver to process it. Bilirubin is normally removed from the blood by the liver, processed by it and released into the bile [4][5]. They’ll also have prolonged prothrombin time which reflects decreased hepatic synthetic function [4][5]. A number of clotting factor proteins are produced in the liver so an increase in coagulation time suggests a decrease in these factors indicating dysfunction of the liver. Decreased serum albumin can be observed in cases of liver injury as this is the main protein produced in the liver. Thyroid tests can indicate liver dysfunction such as testing for T3- triiodothrynonine which appears decreased in individuals with alcoholic hepatitis and is proportional to the level of damage[6][4]. There is also a decrease in serum cholesterol level seen in this condition. In cases where excessive alcohol consumption is not the cause of hepatitis further testing should be done. Individuals can develop hepatitis due to drug use as currently 1000 drugs are seen to be hepatotoxic [7]. There must be a chronic correlation seen between when the medicine was first taken and the observation of hepatitis. There must also be a correlation between the removal of medication and the recession of the condition [4]. Other causes of hepatitis must also be tested for such as viral hepatitis. There are 5 subsets of viral hepatitis A, B, C, and the less common D and E forms. Hepatitis A is the most common form and is passed on by the faecal– oral route. It’s tested for by the presence of the anti-HAV IgM antibody which tests positive before the development of clinical hepatitis and remains positive for at least 4months. Hepatitis B is tested for by the presence of surface antigen HBsAg. Anti HBC total and Anti – HBC IgM is also tested for. A soluble protein HBeAg is produced by the virus in acute and early chronic stages of hepatitis B so positivity of this indicates infection. Hepatitis C infection has the presentation of Anti-HCV seen in 90% of individuals with this infection [7]. The possibility of autoimmune hepatitis can be ruled out by testing of HLA class II expression on the surface of the hepatocytes. There is also an increase seen in IgG antibody and a variety of other antibodies such as SLA/LP (anti soluble liver protein) [8]. References [1] Hopkins. J. Alcoholic liver disease – Introduction, gastroenterology and hepatology. Baltimore M.D 2010 [2] www.britishlivertrust.org . Accessed 28.11.10 [3 ]Drriad. Pathogenesis of hepatitis infection from chronic alcoholism, Figure 1. 2007 [4] www.hepatitis.org. Phillipe.L, Hepatogastroenterology department, Brugmann University Hospital Brussells Accessed 28.11.10 [5]http://www.gastro.com/Gastro/liverdisease/liver_function.aspx, Gardner. P.W and Waldstreicher.W, American Liver Foundation 1995 Accessed 28.11.10 [6] Borzio. M et al, Thyroid function tests in chronic liver disease: evidence for multiple abnormalities despite clinical euthyroidism. GUT Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology, Vol 24(7), Jul 1983. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1420033/. Accessed 28/11/10 [7] http://www.oaml.com/PDF/CLP012.pdf. Guidelines for clinical laboratory practice, revised March 2000, Accessed 28.11.10 [8]Krawitt. E.L Autoimmune hepatitis: classification, heterogeneity, and treatment, January 1994. Am. J. Med. Vol 96 (1A): 23S–26S. How to cite Critical Study of Alcohol and Hepatocytes Cell Necrosis, Essay examples

Critical Study of Alcohol and Hepatocytes Cell Necrosis Free Essays

Introduction The tissue shows vast inflammation, there are large gaps in between the hepatocytes due to cell necrosis and the hepatocytes remaining are large and swollen. There are fatty deposits throughout the tissue and fibrous structures present which are most likely collagen. The hepatocytes themselves are not only swollen but have the presence of globular material within. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Study of Alcohol and Hepatocytes Cell Necrosis or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is identified as Mallory bodies, seen in cases of alcoholic hepatitis. These globules are aggregates of intermediate filaments in the cytoplasm which have resulted from hepatocyte injury. Neutrophils can be seen in the sample which is the likely cause of inflammation. These would have been called to the tissue due to the necrosis of the hepatocytes and the presence of cellular debris within the lobules [1]. An infiltration of macrophages can be seen which would also be due to the debris present. The first stage of alcoholic liver disease is the increase of fatty deposits in the liver. Heavy alcohol consumption causes the production of large fatty globules a process known as macrovesicular steatosis collecting in the liver cells. Ethanol consumed is metabolised by alcohol dehydrase in the mitochondria into toxic acetaldehyde which is metabolised by aldehyde dehydrogenase into acetic acid [1][2][3]. The production of acetaldehyde causes a higher NADH: NAD ratio which is the main mechanism in the development of this condition. This NADH production causes increase in lipogenesis and a decrease in fatty acid oxidation. The higher levels of fatty acids signal the hepatocytes to compound glycerol into triglycerides [3]. This is seen in the first stage of liver damage known as alcoholic hepatitis [2]. Excess alcohol intake can also cause hepatocyte injury via oxidative stress from increased NADH production in which free radicals damage the hepatocytes (increased production by the k upffer cells); and from lipid peroxidation where acetylhyde binds to proteins forming adducts [1]. This binding triggers humoral and cellular immune responses resulting in tissue injury. There is an increase in pro inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor and interleukin -6 and a decrease in anti inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin -4 [1]. These cytokines in particularly TNF are secreted by the kupffer cells (macrophages) located in the liver. They’re activated by the increased levels of endotoxin released from the breakdown of alcohol by intestinal bacteria; this binds to the CD14 receptor on their surface initiating response. The release of these cytokines leads to the hepatic stellate cells producing increased levels of collagen which leads to liver fibrosis and also causes destructive damage to the hepatocytes. This leads to the last stage of liver disease known as cirrhosis which can occur in prolonged alcoholic hepatitis, seen in 40% of cases [1][4] . Individuals suffering with alcoholic hepatitis have an increase in serum bilirubin due to the inability of the damaged liver to process it. Bilirubin is normally removed from the blood by the liver, processed by it and released into the bile [4][5]. They’ll also have prolonged prothrombin time which reflects decreased hepatic synthetic function [4][5]. A number of clotting factor proteins are produced in the liver so an increase in coagulation time suggests a decrease in these factors indicating dysfunction of the liver. Decreased serum albumin can be observed in cases of liver injury as this is the main protein produced in the liver. Thyroid tests can indicate liver dysfunction such as testing for T3- triiodothrynonine which appears decreased in individuals with alcoholic hepatitis and is proportional to the level of damage[6][4]. There is also a decrease in serum cholesterol level seen in this condition. In cases where excessive alcohol consumption is not the cause of hepatitis further testing should be done. Individuals can develop hepatitis due to drug use as currently 1000 drugs are seen to be hepatotoxic [7]. There must be a chronic correlation seen between when the medicine was first taken and the observation of hepatitis. There must also be a correlation between the removal of medication and the recession of the condition [4]. Other causes of hepatitis must also be tested for such as viral hepatitis. There are 5 subsets of viral hepatitis A, B, C, and the less common D and E forms. Hepatitis A is the most common form and is passed on by the faecal– oral route. It’s tested for by the presence of the anti-HAV IgM antibody which tests positive before the development of clinical hepatitis and remains positive for at least 4months. Hepatitis B is tested for by the presence of surface antigen HBsAg. Anti HBC total and Anti – HBC IgM is also tested for. A soluble protein HBeAg is produced by the virus in acute and early chronic stages of hepatitis B so positivity of this indicates infection. Hepatitis C infection has the presentation of Anti-HCV seen in 90% of individuals with this infection [7]. The possibility of autoimmune hepatitis can be ruled out by testing of HLA class II expression on the surface of the hepatocytes. There is also an increase seen in IgG antibody and a variety of other antibodies such as SLA/LP (anti soluble liver protein) [8]. References [1] Hopkins. J. Alcoholic liver disease – Introduction, gastroenterology and hepatology. Baltimore M.D 2010 [2] www.britishlivertrust.org . Accessed 28.11.10 [3 ]Drriad. Pathogenesis of hepatitis infection from chronic alcoholism, Figure 1. 2007 [4] www.hepatitis.org. Phillipe.L, Hepatogastroenterology department, Brugmann University Hospital Brussells Accessed 28.11.10 [5]http://www.gastro.com/Gastro/liverdisease/liver_function.aspx, Gardner. P.W and Waldstreicher.W, American Liver Foundation 1995 Accessed 28.11.10 [6] Borzio. M et al, Thyroid function tests in chronic liver disease: evidence for multiple abnormalities despite clinical euthyroidism. GUT Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology, Vol 24(7), Jul 1983. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1420033/. Accessed 28/11/10 [7] http://www.oaml.com/PDF/CLP012.pdf. Guidelines for clinical laboratory practice, revised March 2000, Accessed 28.11.10 [8]Krawitt. E.L Autoimmune hepatitis: classification, heterogeneity, and treatment, January 1994. Am. J. Med. Vol 96 (1A): 23S–26S. How to cite Critical Study of Alcohol and Hepatocytes Cell Necrosis, Essay examples